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<title>Olympe de Gouges</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Olympe de Gouges</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Olympe de Gouges</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="Alexander_Kucharsky" title="Alexander Kucharsky">Alexander Kucharsky</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Marie Gouze</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1748-05-07</span>)</span>7 May 1748<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a>, Quercy, <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 1793<span style="display:none">(1793-11-03)</span> (aged 45)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de la Révolution">Place de la Révolution</a>, Paris, <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Execution by guillotine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1288773161">

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</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Activist</li><li>abolitionist</li><li><a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> advocate</li><li>playwright</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Louis Aubry</div>

<div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1765; died 1766)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Olympe de Gouges</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa">[ɔlɛ̃p<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡuʒ]</span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/Fr-Olympe_de_Gouges.ogg\/Fr-Olympe_de_Gouges.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Olympe de Gouges.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Fr-Olympe_de_Gouges.ogg/Fr-Olympe_de_Gouges.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span>; born <b>Marie Gouze</b>; 7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793) was a French playwright and political activist. She is best known for her <a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen</a> and other writings on <a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and <a href="Abolitionism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in France">abolitionism</a>.

</p><p>Born in southwestern France, de Gouges began her prolific career as a playwright in Paris in the 1780s. A passionate advocate of human rights, she was one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery. Her plays and pamphlets spanned a wide variety of issues including divorce and marriage, <a href="Children's_rights" title="Children's rights">children's rights</a>, unemployment and <a href="Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>. In addition to her being a playwright and political activist, she was also a small time actress prior to the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gouges welcomed the outbreak of the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> but soon became disenchanted when equal rights were not extended to women. In 1791, in response to the 1789 <a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>, de Gouges published her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, in which she challenged the practice of <a href="Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">male authority</a> and advocated for equal rights for women.

</p><p>De Gouges was associated with the moderate <a href="Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a> and opposed the <a href="Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">execution of Louis XVI</a>. Her increasingly vehement writings, which attacked <a href="Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre's</a> radical <a href="The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a> and the Revolutionary government during the <a href="Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, led to her eventual arrest and execution by <a href="Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> in 1793.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_parentage">Birth and parentage</h3></div>

<p>Marie Gouze was born on 7 May 1748 in <a href="Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a>, <a href="Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a> (in the present-day <a href="Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a>), in southwestern France.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper-note_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother, Anne Olympe Mouisset Gouze, was the daughter of a <a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identity of her father is ambiguous. Her father may have been her mother's husband, Pierre Gouze, or she may have been the <a href="Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a> daughter of <a href="Jean-Jacques_Lefranc%2C_Marquis_de_Pompignan" title="Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan">Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper-note_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marie Gouze encouraged rumours that Pompignan was her father, and their relationship is considered plausible but "historically unverifiable."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rumours in the eighteenth century also suggested that her father might be <a href="Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, but this identification is not considered credible.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper-note_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Pompignan family had long-standing close ties to the Mouisset family of Marie Gouze's mother, Anne. When Anne was born in 1714, the eldest Pompignan son, Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (age five), was her godfather. Anne's father tutored him as he grew. During their childhoods, Pompignan became close to Anne, but was separated from her in 1734 when he was sent to Paris. Anne married Pierre Gouze, a butcher, in 1737 and had three children before Marie, a son and two girls.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompignan returned to Montauban in 1747, the year before Marie's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset10_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre was legally recognized as Marie's father.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper-note_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre did not attend Marie's baptism on 8 May. Her godfather was a workman named Jean Portié, and her godmother a woman named Marie Grimal.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre died in 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset11_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The primary support for the identification of Pompignan as Marie Gouze's father is found in her semi-autobiographical novel, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mémoires de Madame de Valmont</i></span></i>, published after Pompignan's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper-note_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the contemporary politician Jean-Baptiste Poncet-Delpech and others, "all of Montauban" knew that Pompignan was Gouze's father.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some historians consider it likely that Gouze fabricated the story for her memoirs in order to raise her prestige and social standing when she moved to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div>

<p>Marie-Olympe de Gouges (formally Marie Gouze) was born into a wealthy family, and although her mother was privately tutored, she had no actual formal education herself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly illiterate, she was said to dictate to a secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Gouze was married on 24 October 1765 to Louis Yves Aubry, a caterer, against her will.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset14-15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset14-15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heroine of her semi-autobiographical novel <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mémoires</i></span> is fourteen at her wedding; the new Marie Aubry herself was seventeen.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset14-15_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset14-15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her novel strongly decried the marriage: "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marie's substantially larger fortune allowed her new husband Louis to leave his employer and start his own business. On 29 August 1766, she gave birth to their son, Pierre Aubry. That November, a destructive flood of the river <a href="Tarn_(river)" title="Tarn (river)">Tarn</a> caused Louis' death.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She never married again, calling the institution of marriage "the tomb of trust and love".<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Known under the name Marie Aubry, after her husband's death she changed her name to Olympe de Gouges, from her surname (Gouze) and adding her mother's middle name, Olympe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, she began a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, a businessman from Lyon.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesse2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesse2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_Paris">Move to Paris</h3></div>

<p>In 1768, Biétrix funded de Gouges's move to Paris, where he provided her with an income.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesse2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesse2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She lived with her son and her sister.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She socialized in fashionable society, at one point being called "one of Paris' prettiest women," and formed friendships with <a href="Madame_de_Montesson" title="Madame de Montesson">Madame de Montesson</a> and <a href="Louis_Philippe_II%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salons</a></i></span></i> of Paris, where she met many writers, including <a href="Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Harpe" title="Jean-François de La Harpe">La Harpe</a>, <a href="Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier" title="Louis-Sébastien Mercier">Mercier</a>, and <a href="Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a>, as well as future politicians such as <a href="Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Brissot</a> and <a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a>. She usually was invited to the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">salons</i></span></i> of <a href="Madame_de_Montesson" title="Madame de Montesson">Madame de Montesson</a> and the <a href="Fanny_de_Beauharnais" title="Fanny de Beauharnais">Comtesse de Beauharnais</a>, who also were playwrights.

</p><p>De Gouges began her career as a writer in Paris, publishing a novel in 1784 and then beginning a prolific career as a playwright. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gouges signed her public letters with <i>citoyenne</i>, the feminised version of <a href="Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizen</a>. In pre-revolutionary France there were no citizens, and authors were the subjects of the king, but in revolutionary France there were only <i>citoyens</i>. It was in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of <i>citoyenne</i> to replace <i>Madame</i> and <i>Mademoiselle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>In 1788 she published <i>Réflexions sur les hommes nègres</i>, which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For de Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery. She argued that "Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She came to the public's attention with the play <i>L'Esclavage des Noirs</i>, which was staged at the famous <a href="Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a> in 1785. Her stance against slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. The influential <a href="Abraham-Joseph_B%C3%A9nard" title="Abraham-Joseph Bénard">Abraham-Joseph Bénard</a> remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent." De Gouges was defiant: she wrote "I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies." The slave trade lobby mounted a press campaign against her play and she eventually took legal action, forcing Comédie-Française to stage <i>L'Esclavage des Noirs</i>. But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_politics">Revolutionary politics</h3></div>

<p>A passionate advocate of <a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, de Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">égalité</i></span></i> (equal rights) was not extended to women. In 1791, influenced and inspired by John Locke's treatises on natural rights, de Gouges became part of the <a href="Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Society of the Friends of Truth</a>, also known as the "Social Club," which was an association whose goals included establishing equal political and legal rights for women. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, <a href="Sophie_de_Condorcet" title="Sophie de Condorcet">Sophie de Condorcet</a>. In 1791, in response to the <a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>, she wrote the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne</i></span></i> ("<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en"><a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen</a></span></span>"). In that pamphlet she expressed, for the first time, her famous statement:

</p>

<blockquote><p>A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform.<sup id="cite_ref-French_Revolution_p._235_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Revolution_p._235-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>This was followed by her <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Contrat Social</i></span></i> ("<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Social Contract</span></span>", named after a famous work of <a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>), proposing marriage based upon gender equality.<sup id="cite_ref-French_Revolution_p._235_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Revolution_p._235-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of <a href="Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (present-day <a href="Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the <i>Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreP15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreP15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gouges did not approve of violent revolution, and published <i>L'Esclavage des Noirs</i> with a preface in 1792, arguing that the slaves and the free people who responded to the horrors of slavery with "barbaric and atrocious torture" in turn justified the behavior of the tyrants. In Paris, de Gouges was accused by the mayor of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint-Domingue with the play.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was staged again in December 1792 a riot erupted in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>De Gouges opposed the execution of <a href="Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> (which took place on 21 January 1793), partly out of opposition to <a href="Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> and partly because she favored <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. This earned her the ire of many hard-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the 19th-century historian <a href="Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a>, a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, "She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked de Gouges.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. In her letter she argued that he had been duped—that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Olympe de Gouges was associated with the Gironde faction, which ultimately led to her being executed. After the execution of Louis XVI she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard faction and in open letters criticized their violence and summary killings. She did not go to the guillotine for her feminism, as many might think. Instead her crime was spreading Federalism as a replacement for Montagnard revolutionary central rule. Revolutionary rule during the Terror was accompanied by emphasis on masculine public political authority that resulted, for example, in the expulsion of women from Jacobin clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_execution">Arrest and execution</h3></div>

<p>As the Revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. On 2 June 1793, the <a href="Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobins</a> of the Montagnard faction imprisoned prominent Girondins; they were sent to the guillotine in October. Finally, her poster <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Trois urnes, ou le Salut de la Patrie, par un voyageur aérien</i></span></i> ("<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller</span></span>") of 1793, led to her arrest. Olympe decreed in this publication that "Now is the time to establish a decent government whose energy comes from the strength of its laws; now is the time to put a stop to assassinations and the suffering they cause, for merely holding opposing views. Let everyone examine their consciences; let them see the incalculable harm caused by such a long-lasting division...and then everyone can pronounce freely on the government of their choice. The majority must carry the day. It is time for death to rest and for anarchy to return to the underworld."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also called for an end to the bloodshed of the Revolution saying "It is time to put a stop to this cruel war that has only swallowed up your treasure and harvested the most brilliant of your young. Blood, alas, has flowed far too freely!" and warned that "The divided French... are fighting for three opposing governments; like warring brothers they rush to their downfall and, if I do not halt them, they will soon imitate the Thebans, ending up by slitting each others throats to the last man standing".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That piece demanded a <a href="Referendum" title="Referendum">plebiscite</a> for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary <a href="Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, the second, a <a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a> government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. The problem was that the law of the revolution made it a capital offense for anyone to publish a book or pamphlet that encouraged reestablishing the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Marie-Olympe de Gouges was arrested on 20 July 1793. Although she was arrested in July, she would not meet the end of her life until November of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. When they could not find any in her home, she voluntarily led them to the storehouse where she kept her papers. It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné</i></span></i> ("<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned</span></span>"). In the first act (only the first act and a half remain), <a href="Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> is planning defense strategies to retain the crumbling monarchy and is confronted by revolutionary forces, including de Gouges herself. The first act ends with de Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. Both de Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. The prosecutor claimed that de Gouges's depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas de Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-vanpée47_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanpée47-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>She spent three months in jail without an attorney as the presiding judge had denied de Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. It is likely that the judge based this argument on de Gouges's tendency to represent herself in her writings.<sup id="cite_ref-vanpée47_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanpée47-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire</i></span></i> ("<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal</span></span>"), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Une patriote persécutée</i></span></i> ("<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">A [female] patriot persecuted</span></span>"), in which she condemned the Terror.<sup id="cite_ref-vanpée47_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanpée47-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>De Gouges had acquired for her son, Pierre Aubry, a position as a vice-general and head of battalion in exchange for a payment of 1,500 livres, and he was suspended from this office after her arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-GoodmanP59_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodmanP59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 November 1793 she wrote to him: "I die, my dear son, a victim of my idolatry for the fatherland and for the people. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>On 3 November 1793, the <a href="Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> sentenced her to death, and she was executed for seditious behavior and attempting to reinstate the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olympe was executed only a month after <a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. Her body was disposed of in the <a href="Madeleine_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine Cemetery">Madeleine Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events:

</p>

<blockquote><p>Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. She attempted to unmask the villains through the literary productions which she had printed and put up. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_political_impact">Posthumous political impact</h3></div>

<p>Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, <a href="Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a> cautioned a group of women wearing <a href="Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution#Liberty_cap" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Phrygian bonnets</a>, reminding them of "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law". This posthumous characterisation of de Gouges by the political establishment was misleading, as de Gouges had no role in founding the <a href="Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women" title="Society of Revolutionary Republican Women">Society of Revolutionary Republican Women</a>. In her political writings de Gouges had not called for women to abandon their homes, but she was cast by the politicians as an enemy of the natural order, and thus enemy of the ruling Jacobin party. Paradoxically, the two women who had started the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, <a href="Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a> and <a href="Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a>, were not executed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacombe, Léon and <a href="Theroigne_de_Mericourt" title="Theroigne de Mericourt">Theroigne de Mericourt</a> had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while de Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised de Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The year 1793 has been described as a watershed for the construction of women's place in revolutionary France, and the deconstruction of the Girondins' <a href="Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>. That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including <a href="Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a> and <a href="Marie-Antoinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Antoinette">Marie-Antoinette</a>. The new <i>Républicaine</i> was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. During this time the Convention banned all women's political associations and executed many politically active women.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1793 marked the start of the <a href="Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> in post-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. Across the Atlantic world observers of the French Revolution were shocked, but the ideals of <a href="Libert%C3%A9%2C_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%2C_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">liberté, égalité, fraternité</a> had taken a life of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>De Gouges's <a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen</a> had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution <a href="Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> published <i><a href="A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. The experience of French women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness.

</p><p>American women began to refer to themselves as <i>citess</i> or <i>citizeness</i> and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year de Gouges was executed the pamphlet <i>On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows</i> was published anonymously, proclaiming that "two celebrated widows, ladies of America and France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of the design of living together in the strictest union and friendship."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by <a href="Helen_Maria_Williams" title="Helen Maria Williams">Helen Maria Williams</a> and <a href="Leonora_Sansay" title="Leonora Sansay">Leonora Sansay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1848 Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, the rhetorical style of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was employed to paraphrase the <a href="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> into the <a href="Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demanded women's right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter in which he denied his endorsement for her political legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-GoodmanP59_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodmanP59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2></div>

<p>All of Olympe de Gouges's plays and novels convey the overarching theme of her life's work: indignation at social injustices. In addition to women's rights, de Gouges engaged contested topics including the <a href="History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, <a href="Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, <a href="Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="Debtors'_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prisons</a>, <a href="Children's_rights" title="Children's rights">children's rights</a>, and government work schemes for the <a href="Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a>. Much of her work foregrounded the troubling intersections of two or more issues. While many plays by women playwrights staged at the Comédie Française were published anonymously or under male pseudonyms, de Gouges broke with tradition; not only did she publish using her own name, but she also pushed the boundaries of what was deemed appropriate subject matter for women playwrights—and withstood the consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A record of her papers which were seized at the time of execution in 1793 lists about 40 plays.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1784 she published an <a href="Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary</a> novel inspired by <i><a href="Les_Liaisons_dangereuses" title="Les Liaisons dangereuses">Les Liaisons dangereuses</a></i> (1782) by <a href="Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a>. Her novel claimed to consist of authentic letters exchanged with her father the Marquis de Pompignan, with the names changed. "Madame Valmont" thus represented de Gouges herself, and "Monsieur de Flaucourt" was Pompignan.<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset26_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset26-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full title of the novel, published shortly after Pompignan's death, indicated its claim: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mémoires de Madame de Valmont sur l'ingratitude et la cruauté de la famille des Flaucourt avec la sienne dont les sieurs de Flaucourt on reçu tant de services</i></span> (Madame de Valmont's Memoirs on the Ingratitude and Cruelty of the Flaucourt Family Towards her Own, which Rendered such Services to the Sirs Flaucourt).</i><sup id="cite_ref-Mousset28_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset28-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As a playwright, she charged into the contemporary political controversies and was often in the vanguard.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside <a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a>, de Gouges is considered one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery.

</p><p>De Gouges's first staged production was originally titled <i>Zamore et Mirza</i>; ou <i>L'Heureux Naufrage</i> [<i>Zamore and Mirza;</i> or <i>The Happy Shipwreck</i>] (1788). Drawing both praise from abolitionists and attacks from pro-slavery traders, it is the first French play to focus not only on the inhumanity of slavery but also the first to feature the first-person perspective of an enslaved individual.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In her 1788 "Réflexions sur les Hommes Nègres" she brought to attention the horrible plight of slaves in the French colonies and condemned the injustice of the institution declaring “I clearly realized that it was force and prejudice that had condemned them to that horrible slavery, in which Nature plays no role, and for which the unjust and powerful interests of Whites are alone responsible” likewise declaring that "Men everywhere are equal... Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the final act of <i>L'Esclavage des Noirs</i> de Gouges lets the French colonial master, not the slave, utter a prayer for freedom: "Let our common rejoicings be a happy portent of liberty". She drew a parallel between colonial slavery and political oppression in France. One of the slave protagonists explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. De Gouges also openly attacked the notion that <a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> were a reality in revolutionary France. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in France "The power of one Master alone is in the hands of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under foot. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. It will teach the Tyrants just what a people united by long oppression and enlightened by sound philosophy can do". While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_pamphlets_and_letters">Political pamphlets and letters</h3></div>

<p>Over the course of her career, de Gouges published 68 pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her first political brochure was published in November 1788, a manifesto entitled <i>Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund</i>. In early 1789 she published <i>Remarques Patriotiques</i> setting out her proposals for <a href="Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>, care for the elderly, institutions for homeless children, hostels for the unemployed, and the introduction of a <a href="Jury_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury system">jury system</a>. In this work, she highlighted and promulgated the issues facing France on the brink of revolution writing “France is sunk in grief, the people are suffering and the Monarch cries out. Parliament is demanding the Estates-General and the Nation cannot come to an agreement. There is no consensus on electing these assemblies...The Third Estate, with reason, claims a voice equal to that of the Clergy and Nobility...for the problems that get worse every day” and declared to the king that “Your People are unhappy. Unhappy!”.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also called upon women to "shake off the yoke of shameful slavery". The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as <a href="Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a>. She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791. Such as <i>Cry of the wise man, by a woman</i> in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates-General.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>De Gouges wrote her famous <a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_of_the_Female_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen</a> shortly after the <a href="French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">French Constitution of 1791</a> was ratified by King <a href="Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, and dedicated it to his wife, Queen <a href="Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>. The French Constitution marked the birth of the short-lived <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and implemented a status based citizenship. Citizens were defined as men over 25 who were "independent" and who had paid the <a href="Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a>. These citizens had the right to vote. Furthermore, active citizenship was two-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for <a href="Public_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Public office">public office</a>. Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no <a href="Political_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political rights">political rights</a>. In transferring <a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> to the nation the constitution dismantled the old regime, but de Gouges argued that it did not go far enough.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>De Gouges was not the only feminist who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. But like the writings of <a href="Etta_Palm_d'Aelders" title="Etta Palm d'Aelders">Etta Palm d'Aelders</a>, <a href="Theroigne_de_Mericourt" title="Theroigne de Mericourt">Theroigne de Mericourt</a>, <a href="Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a>, and <a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a>, her arguments fell on deaf ears. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as <a href="Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti</a>, <a href="Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a>, and <a href="Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a> were not convinced of the case for equality.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In her early political letters de Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as <a href="Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>, the <a href="Louis_Philippe_II%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a>, or the queen <a href="Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>. Like other pamphlet writers in revolutionary France, she spoke from the margins and spoke of her experience as a citizen with a desire to influence the ongoing public debate. In her letters she articulated the values of the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, and commented on how they may be put into practice, such as <a href="Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">civic virtue</a>, <a href="Universal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal rights">universal rights</a>, <a href="Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a> and <a href="Political_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political rights">political rights</a>. In language and practice this was a debate among men and about men. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (<i>la vertu mâle et répub-licaine</i>). Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus de Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>De Gouges signed her pamphlets with <i>citoyenne</i>. It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter <i>To the Republic of Geneva</i>, where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the "dear fellow citizens" or his "brothers", and the <i>aimables et virtueses Citoyenne</i>, that is the women citizens. In the public letter <i>Remarques Patriotique</i> from December 1788 de Gouges justified why she is publishing her political thoughts, arguing that "This dream, strange though it may seem, will show the nation a truly civic heart, a spirit that is always concerned with the public good".<sup id="cite_ref-SmartP123_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmartP123-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As the politics of revolutionary France changed and progressed de Gouges failed to become an actor on the political stage, but in her letters offered advice to the political establishment. Her proposition for a political order remained largely unchanged. She expresses faith in the <a href="Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a> and in reference to the <a href="Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a>, that the people of France (Third Estate) would be able to ensure harmony between the three estates, that is <a href="Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, <a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and the people. Despite this she expresses loyalty for the ministers <a href="Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a> and <a href="Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a>. De Gouges opposes <a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>, but believed France should retain a <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmartP123_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmartP123-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In her open letter to Marie-Antoinette, de Gouges declared:

</p>

<blockquote><p>I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. Only one whom chance had elevated to an eminent position can assume the task of lending weight to the progress of the Rights of Woman and of hastening its success. If you were less well informed, Madame, I might fear that your individual interests would outweigh those of your sex. You love glory; think, Madame, the greatest crimes immortalize one as much as the greatest virtues, but what a different fame in the annals of history! The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. They were widely circulated within and outside France. De Gouges's contemporary <a href="Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a> of the Gironde party became notorious for her <i>Letter to Louis XVI</i> in 1792. In the same year de Gouges penned <i>Letter to Citizen Robespierre</i>, which <a href="Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> refused to answer. De Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed "Let us plunge into the Seine! Thou hast need of a bath ... thy death will claim things, and as for myself, the sacrifice of a pure life will disarm the heavens."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #FFD424; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424!important; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Liberalism in France</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #FFD424; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">Orthodox</a></li>

<li><a href="Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Pure orléanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_liberalism#France" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #FFD424; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="Libert%C3%A9%2C_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%2C_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></div></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France"><i>Laïcité</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #FFD424; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfusards</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #FFD424; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Alain_(philosopher)" title="Alain (philosopher)">Alain</a></li>

<li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Brissot</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li>

<li><a href="Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li>

<li><a href="Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Manent" title="Pierre Manent">Manent</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li>

<li><a href="Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Rougier</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Destutt_de_Tracy" title="Antoine Destutt de Tracy">de Tracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #FFD424; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<dl><dt>Active</dt></dl>

<li><a href="Centrist_Alliance" title="Centrist Alliance">Centrist Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Centrists" title="The Centrists">The Centrists</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_European_Force" title="Democratic European Force">Democratic European Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_Alternative" title="Liberal Alternative">Liberal Alternative</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_Democratic_Party_(France)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (France)">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents" title="Union of Democrats and Independents">Union of Democrats and Independents</a></div></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Defunct</dt></dl>

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<li><a href="Liberal_Party_(Bourbon_Restoration)" title="Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)">Liberal Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Moderate_Republicans_(France%2C_1848%E2%80%931870)" title="Moderate Republicans (France, 1848–1870)">Moderate Republicans</a> (1848)</li>

<li><a href="Moderate_Republicans_(France%2C_1871%E2%80%931901)" title="Moderate Republicans (France, 1871–1901)">Moderate Republicans</a> (1871)</li>

<li><a href="Progressive_Republicans_(France)" title="Progressive Republicans (France)">Progressive Republicans</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_Movement" title="Radical Movement">Radical Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Union_(France)" title="Republican Union (France)">Republican Union</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<dl><dt>Active</dt></dl>

<li><a href="La_Cha%C3%AEne_Info" title="La Chaîne Info">La Chaîne Info</a></li>

<li><a href="Courrier_International" title="Courrier International">Courrier International</a></li>

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<li><a href="Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Defunct</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="L'Aurore" title="L'Aurore">L'Aurore</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #FFD424; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>

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<p>Although she was a celebrity in her lifetime and a prolific author, de Gouges became largely forgotten, but then rediscovered through a political biography by Olivier Blanc in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 6 March 2004, the junction of the Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, and de Franche-Comté in Paris was proclaimed the Place Olympe de Gouges. The square was inaugurated by the mayor of the <a href="3rd_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="3rd arrondissement of Paris">3rd arrondissement</a>, Pierre Aidenbaum, along with then first deputy mayor of Paris, <a href="Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a>. The actress <a href="V%C3%A9ronique_Genest" title="Véronique Genest">Véronique Genest</a> read an excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman. 2007 French presidential contender <a href="S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> expressed the wish that de Gouges's remains be moved to the <a href="Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">Panthéon</a>. However, her remains—like those of the other victims of the Reign of Terror—have been lost through burial in communal graves, so any reburial (like that of <a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a>) would be only ceremonial.

</p><p>She is honoured in many street names across France, in the Salle Olympe de Gouges exhibition hall in rue Merlin, Paris, and the Parc Olympe de Gouges in <a href="Annemasse" title="Annemasse">Annemasse</a>.

</p><p>The 2018 play The Revolutionists by <a href="Lauren_Gunderson" title="Lauren Gunderson">Lauren Gunderson</a> centers on de Gouges and a dramatized version of her life as a playwright and activist during the <a href="Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Zamore et Mirza, ou l’heureux naufrage</i> (Zamore and Mirza, or the Happy Shipwreck) 1784<sup id="cite_ref-Mousset29_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mousset29-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Le Mariage inattendu de Chérubin</i> (The Unexpected Marriage of Cherubin) 1786<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>L’Homme généreux</i> (The Generous Man) 1786<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Molière chez Ninon, ou le siècle des grands hommes</i> (Molière at Ninon, or the Century of Great Men) 1788<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a class="external text external" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/R%C3%A9flexions_sur_les_hommes_n%C3%A8gres">Réflexions sur les hommes nègres</a> (1788) (Wikisource)</li>

<li><i>Les Démocrates et les aristocrates</i> (The Democrats and the Aristocrats) 1790<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>La Nécessité du divorce</i> (The Necessity of Divorce) 1790<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Le Couvent</i> (The Convent) 1790<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Mirabeau aux Champs Élysées</i> (Mirabeau at the Champs Élysées) 1791<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>La France sauvée, ou le tyran détrôné</i> (France saved, or the Dethroned Tyrant) 1792<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>L'Entrée de Dumouriez à Bruxelles</i> (The Entrance of Dumouriez in Brussels) 1793<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals">Portrayals</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>The Revolutionists</i>, play by <a href="Lauren_Gunderson" title="Lauren Gunderson">Lauren Gunderson</a> which premiered at <a href="Cincinnati_Playhouse_in_the_Park" title="Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park">Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park</a> in February 2016 with Lise Bruneau in the role of Olympe<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>·</b> <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Flashback_(2021_film)" title="Flashback (2021 film)">Flashback</a></i>, a <a href="Caroline_Vigneaux" title="Caroline Vigneaux">Caroline Vigneaux</a> film released in November 2021 on <a href="Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a> with <a href="Sylvie_Testud" title="Sylvie Testud">Sylvie Testud</a> in the role of de Gouges.</li>

<li><i>Olympe</i>, play by Frank Salin where she is intepreted on stage by <a href="Firmine_Richard" title="Firmine Richard">Firmine Richard</a> at the <a href="Festival_d'Avignon" title="Festival d'Avignon">Festival d'Avignon</a> ("Off" Festival) in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Olympe, une femme dans la Révolution </i> [<i>Olympe, a woman in the Revolution</i>] TV movie by Matthieu Busson and Julie Gayet, where she is portrayed by <a href="Julie_Gayet" title="Julie Gayet">Julie Gayet</a> (2024).</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_women's_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Women's_March_on_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Women's March on Versailles">The Women's March on Versailles</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_Petition_to_the_National_Assembly" title="Women's Petition to the National Assembly">Women's Petition to the National Assembly</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKuiper" class="citation web cs1">Kuiper, Kathleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olympe-de-Gouges/additional-info">"Researcher's Note: Who was Olympe de Gouges's father?"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mousset9_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 9. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation book cs1">Cole, John R. (2011). <i>Between the Queen and the Cabby: Olympe de Gouge's Rights of Woman</i>. Montreal; Kingston; London; Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>9. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780773538863</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset10-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mousset10_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mousset10_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 10. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mousset11_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mousset11_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Paul1989-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul1989_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1989" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Pauline (2 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202094909/http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_5.2/paul.htm">"I Foresaw it All: The Amazing Life and Oeuvre of Olympe de Gouges"</a>. <i><a href="Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i>. Translated by Kai Artur Diers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_5.2/paul.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, p. 98</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sokolnikova, page 88</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset14-15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mousset14-15_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mousset14-15_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNoack1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noack, Paul (1992). <i>Olympe de Gouges, 1748–1793: Kurtisane und Kampferin für die Rechte der Frau</i> [<i>Olympe de Gouges, 1748–1793: Courtesan and Activist for Women's Rights</i>] (in German). Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. p. 31. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-423-30319-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset16-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mousset16_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 16. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_L._MooreJoanna_BrooksCaroline_Wigginton2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa L. Moore; Joanna Brooks; Caroline Wigginton (2012). <i>Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 245. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0199743483</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott p. 222</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hesse2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hesse2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hesse2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHesse2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hesse, Carla (2006). "Marie-Olympe De Gouges". In Merriman, John; Winter, Jay (eds.). <i>Europe 1789–1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire</i>. Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mousset27_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 27. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 121. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErica_Harth1992" class="citation book cs1">Erica Harth (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart"><i>Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/227">227</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0801499982</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErica_Harth1992" class="citation book cs1">Erica Harth (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/229"><i>Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. 229. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0801499982</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Seidman_Trouille1997" class="citation book cs1">Mary Seidman Trouille (1997). <i>Sexual Politics in the Enlightenment: Women Writers Read Rousseau</i>. SUNY Press. p. 272. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0791434895</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-French_Revolution_p._235-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_Revolution_p._235_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_Revolution_p._235_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Longman (1989). <i>Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>, p. 235</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MooreP15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreP15_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_L._MooreJoanna_BrooksCaroline_Wigginton2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa L. Moore; Joanna Brooks; Caroline Wigginton (2012). <i>Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 15. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0199743483</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Gålmark2020" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Gålmark (2020). <i>Rosewater of the Revolution: Olympe de Gouges Feminist Humanism</i>. Dela förlag. p. 41. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9163919695</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarlene_L._Daut2015" class="citation book cs1">Marlene L. Daut (2015). <i>Tropics of Haiti: Race and the Literary History of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1789–1865</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 248. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1781381847</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Michelet, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Révolution Française</i></span></i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Charles Monselet, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Oubliés et les Dédaignés</i></span></i> [<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">The Forgotten and the Scorned</span></span>]. See also Joan Scott in <i>Rebel Daughters</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longman (1989). <i>Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>, p. 311</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott p. 232</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Gouges, Olympe. <i>Les Trois Urnes, Ou Le Salut De La Patrie, Par Un Voyageur Aérien</i>. 1793. ["Urnes" is the French equivalent of ballot boxes.]</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Gouges, Olympe. Les Trois Urnes, Ou Le Salut De La Patrie, Par Un Voyageur Aérien. 1793.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, William Shepard (1913). <i>A Handy Book of Curious Information: Comprising Strange Happenings in the Life of Men and Animals, Odd Statistics, Extraordinary Phenomena, and Out of the Way Facts Concerning the Wonderlands of the Earth.</i> J. B. Lippincott & Co.. p. 834</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanpee p. 47</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-vanpée47-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanpée47_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanpée47_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanpée47_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVanpée1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vanpée, Janie (March 1999). "Performing Justice: The Trials of Olympe de Gouges". <i>Theatre Journal</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>65. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftj.1999.0018">10.1353/tj.1999.0018</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25068623">25068623</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191977456">191977456</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GoodmanP59-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoodmanP59_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoodmanP59_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Goodman2017" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Goodman (2017). <i>Commemorating Mirabeau: 'Mirabeau aux Champs-Elysées' and other texts</i>. MHRA. p. 59. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1781882184</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIan_L._DonnachieIan_DonnachieCarmen_Lavin2003" class="citation book cs1">Ian L. Donnachie; Ian Donnachie; Carmen Lavin (2003). <i>From Enlightenment to Romanticism: Anthology I</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 94. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0719066719</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamps2016" class="citation journal cs1">Beauchamps, Marie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/olympe-de-gougess-trial-and-the-affective-politics-of-denaturalization-in-france(b22656a1-2621-4e9d-bc05-3f18827a525f).html">"Olympe de Gouges's trial and the affective politics of denaturalization in France"</a>. <i>Citizenship Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">943–</span>56. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13621025.2016.1229195">10.1080/13621025.2016.1229195</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2Fb22656a1-2621-4e9d-bc05-3f18827a525f">11245.1/b22656a1-2621-4e9d-bc05-3f18827a525f</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beyern, B. <i>Guide des tombes d'hommes célèbres</i>, Le Cherche Midi, 2008, p. 377, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2-7491-1350-0</bdi></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 99. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 144. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 148. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 150. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 154. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_L._MooreJoanna_BrooksCaroline_Wigginton2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa L. Moore; Joanna Brooks; Caroline Wigginton (2012). <i>Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 14. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0199743483</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAna_M._Martínez_AlemánKristen_A._Renn2002" class="citation book cs1">Ana M. Martínez Alemán; Kristen A. Renn (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem"><i>Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n58">34</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1576076149</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAna_M._Martínez_AlemánKristen_A._Renn2002" class="citation book cs1">Ana M. Martínez Alemán; Kristen A. Renn (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem"><i>Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n59">35</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1576076149</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_L._MooreJoanna_BrooksCaroline_Wigginton2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa L. Moore; Joanna Brooks; Caroline Wigginton (2012). <i>Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0199743483</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_L._MooreJoanna_BrooksCaroline_Wigginton2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa L. Moore; Joanna Brooks; Caroline Wigginton (2012). <i>Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 297. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0199743483</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAna_M._Martínez_AlemánKristen_A._Renn2002" class="citation book cs1">Ana M. Martínez Alemán; Kristen A. Renn (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem"><i>Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n61">37</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1576076149</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAna_M._Martínez_AlemánKristen_A._Renn2002" class="citation book cs1">Ana M. Martínez Alemán; Kristen A. Renn (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem"><i>Women in Higher Education: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenhighereduca00alem/page/n62">38</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1576076149</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Goodman2017" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Goodman (2017). <i>Commemorating Mirabeau: 'Mirabeau aux Champs-Elysées' and other texts</i>. MHRA. p. 35. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1781882184</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfrey" class="citation web cs1">Woolfrey, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/gouges/">"Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793)"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherman, C. <i>Reading Olympe de Gouges</i>. Palgrave Pivot; 2013 ed., p. 51. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781137346452</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset26-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mousset26_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset28-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mousset28_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 28. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Williams1999" class="citation book cs1">David Williams (1999). <i>The Enlightenment</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 317. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0521564908</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfrey" class="citation web cs1">Woolfrey, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/gouges/">"Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Gouges, Olympe. <i>Réflexions Sur Les Hommes Nègres</i>. 1788.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErica_Harth1992" class="citation book cs1">Erica Harth (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart"><i>Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartesianwomenve00hart/page/228">228</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0801499982</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlanc2003" class="citation book cs1">Blanc, Olivier (2003). <i>Marie-Olympe de Gouges : une humaniste à la fin du XVIIIe siècle</i>. Paris: R. Viénet. pp. <span class="nowrap">244–</span>247. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2-84983-000-3</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54205328">54205328</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Gouges, Olympe. Remarques Patriotiques. 1789.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 134. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Williams1999" class="citation book cs1">David Williams (1999). <i>The Enlightenment</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0521564908</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SmartP123-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmartP123_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmartP123_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Smart2011" class="citation book cs1">Annie Smart (2011). <i>Citoyennes: Women and the Ideal of Citizenship in Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of Delaware. p. 123. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611493559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_L._MooreJoanna_BrooksCaroline_Wigginton2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa L. Moore; Joanna Brooks; Caroline Wigginton (2012). <i>Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 247. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0199743483</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMary_A._Favret2005" class="citation book cs1">Mary A. Favret (2005). <i>Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114, 119. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0521604284</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Seidman_Trouille1997" class="citation book cs1">Mary Seidman Trouille (1997). <i>Sexual Politics in the Enlightenment: Women Writers Read Rousseau</i>. SUNY Press. p. 237. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0791434895</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dramatists.com/cgi-bin/db/single.asp?dark=&farce=&female=all&historical=&key=5692&keysearch=lauren%20gunderson&limit1Comedy=&limit1Drama=&limitFull=&limitMusical=&limitResult=all&limitResult1=allgenres&limitShort=&male=all&melodrama=&mystery=&options=all&romantic=&satire=&thriller=&total=all&tragedy=">"Dramatists Play Service, Inc"</a>. <i>www.dramatists.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mousset29-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mousset29_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMousset2007" class="citation book cs1">Mousset, Sophie (2007). <i>Women's Rights and the French Revolution: A Biography of Olympe de Gouges</i>. New Brunswick (US) & London: Transaction Publishers. p. 29. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7658-0345-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102134225/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/le_mariage_inattendu.php">"Le Mariage Inattende de Chérubin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/le_mariage_inattendu.php">the original</a> on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102134227/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/homme_gen.php">"L'Homme généreux"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/homme_gen.php">the original</a> on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105082646/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/ninon.php">"Molière chez Ninon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/ninon.php">the original</a> on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102134227/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/demosandaristos.php">"Les Démocrates et les aristocrates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/demosandaristos.php">the original</a> on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102134236/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/le_divorce.php">"La Nécessité du divorce"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/le_divorce.php">the original</a> on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102134225/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/le_couvent.php">"Le Couvent"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/le_couvent.php">the original</a> on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102134230/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/mirabeau_champs.php">"Mirabeau aux Champs Élysées"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/mirabeau_champs.php">the original</a> on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges2019" class="citation book cs1">de Gouges, Olympe de (20 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uw.pressbooks.pub/lafrancesauvee/"><i>La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détrôné: A Dramaturgical Casebook</i></a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gouges" class="citation web cs1">de Gouges, Olympe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105085902/https://www.olympedegouges.eu/dumouriez.php">"Entrée de Dumouriez à Bruxelles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu/dumouriez.php">the original</a> on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laurengunderson.com/all-plays/the-revolutionists">"The Revolutionists - Fesisty Feminist Comedy, 2 Acts, 100 minutes"</a>. www.laurengunderson.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abouttheartists.com/productions/80761-the-revolutionists-at-cincinnati-playhouse-in-the-park-thompson-shelterhouse-theatre-2016">"The Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park presents a world premiere of The Revolutionists by Lauren Gunderson (author) at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park Thompson Shelterhouse Theatre, 962 Mt. Adams Circle Cincinnati, OH, Feb 6 – Mar 6, 2016"</a>. www.abouttheartists.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.festivaloffavignon.com/spectacles/3748-olympe">"Olympe"</a>. www.festivaloffavignon.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Bergès, Sandrine (2022). <i>Olympe de Gouges</i>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009023702">10.1017/9781009023702</a>. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Olympe_de_Gouges" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/11905505/olympe_de_gouges/">Olympe de Gouges</a> on <a href="Data.bnf.fr" class="mw-redirect" title="Data.bnf.fr">Data.bnf.fr</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedegouges.eu">A website containing English translations of de Gouges's works</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019110242/http://www.quercy.net/hommes/ogenglish.html">An extensive article about Olympe de Gouges</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011032318/http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/book-sum/gouges.html">An excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Cazes2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Daniel_Cazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cazes">Daniel Cazes</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX-LAa3pZpYC&q=Olympe+de+Gouges+Mirabeau++La+Fayette&pg=PA36"><i>Obras feministas de François Poulain de la Barre (1647–1723): estudio preliminar</i></a>. UNAM. p. 36. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9703246137</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/de-gouges-olympe-1748-1793/">Olympe de Gouges: bibliographical and biographical references.</a> – <a href="Center_for_the_History_of_Women_Philosophers_and_Scientists" title="Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists">Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists</a></li></ul>

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<li><b><a href="Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year4023" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> (7 Jun 1788)</li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> (21 Jul 1788)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> (Jan 1789)</li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> (28 Apr 1789)</li>

<li><a href="Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> (5 May 1789)</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Joseph%2C_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> (4 June 1789)</li>

<li><a href="National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</li>

<li><a href="Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> (20 Jun 1789)</li>

<li><a href="National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</li>

<li><a href="Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> (14 Jul 1789)</li>

<li><a href="Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</li>

<li><a href="Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> (4–11 Aug 1789)</li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (26 Aug 1789)</li>

<li><a href="Women's_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> (5 Oct 1789)</li>

<li><a href="Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> (2 Nov 1789)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> (Feb–Jul 1790)</li>

<li><a href="Avignon%E2%80%93Comtat_Venaissin_War" title="Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War">Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War</a> (Jun 1790 – 1791)</li>

<li>Abolition of the <a href="French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> (23 Jun 1790)</li>

<li><a href="Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> (12 Jul 1790)</li>

<li><i><a href="F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> (14 Jul 1790)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> (20–21 Jun 1791)</li>

<li><a href="Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> (17 Jul 1791)</li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> (27 Aug 1791)</li>

<li><a href="French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> (3 Sep 1791)</li>

<li><a href="Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> (20 Apr 1792)</li>

<li><a href="Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> (25 Jul 1792)</li>

<li><a href="Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> (Jun 1792)</li>

<li><a href="Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> (10 Aug 1792)</li>

<li><a href="September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> (Sep 1792)</li>

<li><a href="National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</li>

<li><a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> (22 Sep 1792)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> (21 Jan 1793)</li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</li>

<li><a href="Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)

<ul><li><a href="Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> (2 Jun 1793)</li>

<li><a href="Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> (13 Jul 1793)</li>

<li><a href="Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> (23 Aug 1793)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> (painting)</li>

<li><a href="Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> (17 Sep 1793)</li>

<li><a href="Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> (16 Oct 1793)</li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> (throughout the year)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> (5 Apr 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> (10 Jun 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> (27 Jul 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined (28 Jul 1794)</li>

<li><a href="First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> (Fall 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> (11 Nov 1794)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> (1 Apr 1795)</li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> (22 Aug 1795)</li>

<li><a href="French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> (1795–99)

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> (5 Oct 1795)</li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> (May 1796)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> (4 Sep 1797)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> (Dec 1797)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> (11 May 1798)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> (18 Jun 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> (9 Nov 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> (24 Dec 1799)</li>

<li><a href="French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li>

<li>Royalist Revolts

<ul><li><a href="Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li>

<li><a href="War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li>

<li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> (23 May 1793)</li>

<li><a href="French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> (21 Dec 1792 – 25 May 1793)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> (13 Oct 1793)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> (26–27 Dec 1793)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> (24 Apr 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> (18 May 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> (22 May 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> (1 Jun 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> (26 Jun 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> (2 Oct 1794)</li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)</li>

<li><a href="Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> (1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> (3–4 Aug 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> (5 Aug 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> (11 Aug 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> (24 Aug 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> (3 Sep 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> (4 Sep 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> (8 Sep 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> (19 Oct 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> (26 Oct 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> (6 Nov 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> (6–7 Nov 1796)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> (15–17 Nov 1796)</li>

<li><a href="French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> (Dec 1796)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> (1797)</li>

<li><a href="Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> (13 Jan 1797)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> (14–15 Jan 1797)</li>

<li><a href="Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> (25 Jan 1797)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> (17 Apr 1797)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> (18 Apr 1797)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> (17 Oct 1797)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> (28 January – 17 May 1798)</li>

<li><a href="French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> (1798–1801)</li>

<li><a href="Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</li>

<li><a href="Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> (1798–1800)</li>

<li><a href="Peasants'_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> (1798–1802)</li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> (20–21 Mar 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> (25 Mar 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> (5 Apr 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> (27–28 Apr 1799)</li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> (4–7 Jun 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> (17–20 Jun 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> (15 Aug 1799)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> (25–26 Sep 1799)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> (14 Jun 1800)</li>

<li><a href="Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> (15 Jun 1800)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> (3 Dec 1800)</li>

<li><a href="Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> (1800–02)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> (9 Feb 1801)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> (18 Mar 1801)</li>

<li><a href="Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> (8 Jul 1801)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> (25 Mar 1802)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> (25 Jun 1802)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders7082" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"></a></span></span> <a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eustache_Charles_d'Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles-Pierre_Augereau" title="Charles-Pierre Augereau">Charles-Pierre Augereau</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li>

<li><a href="Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Philippe%2C_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmanuel_de_Grouchy%2C_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Leclerc_(general%2C_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li>

<li><a href="Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li>

<li><a href="Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89douard_Mortier%2C_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li>

<li>Pierre-Jacques Osten</li>

<li><a href="Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"></a></span></span> <a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li>

<li><a href="Archduke_Charles%2C_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix%2C_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt (Walloon) </a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss) </a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Adolf%2C_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray (Hungarian) </a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Eugene%2C_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French) </a></li>

<li><a href="Maximilian_Anton_Karl%2C_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon) </a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon) </a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian) </a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"></a></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Saumarez%2C_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Pellew%2C_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"></a></span></span> <a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"></a></span></span> <a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_William_Ferdinand%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Louis%2C_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"></a></span></span> <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span> <a href="History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal%2C_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions5821" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%2C_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li>

<li><a href="Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br>and <i><a href="Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie%2C_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor%2C_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li>

<li><a href="Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li>

<li><a href="Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d'Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li>

<li><a href="Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li>

<li>Father <a href="Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques-R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Philippe_II%2C_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li>

<li><a href="Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li>

<li><a href="Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis-Michel_le_Peletier%2C_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Marie_Collot_d'Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Antoine%2C_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br>and <i><a href="Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li>

<li><a href="Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Antoine%2C_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Henri%2C_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Joseph%2C_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li>

<li><a href="Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li>

<li><a href="Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li>

<li><a href="Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy%2C_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li>

<li><a href="Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Duval_d'Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li>

<li><a href="Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Beaumarchais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li>

<li><a href="Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li>

<li><a href="Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li>

<li><a href="Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Libert%C3%A9%2C_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%2C_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li>

<li><a href="Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li>

<li><a href="Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>

<ul><li><a href="Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>

<li><a href="Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li>

<li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li>

<li><a href="Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li>

<li><a href="Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li>

<li><a href="Universality_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li>

<li><a href="Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li>

<li><a href="Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li>

<li><a href="Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jean_le_Rond_d'Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d'Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Beaumarchais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li>

<li><a href="Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li>

<li><a href="Baron_d'Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li>

<li><a href="Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li>

<li><a href="Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>

<li><a href="Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>

<li><a href="Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li>

<li><a href="Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li>

<li><a href="Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li>

<li><a href="Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li>

<li><a href="Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li>

<li><a href="Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li>

<li><a href="Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li>

<li><a href="Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li>

<li><a href="Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li>

<li><a href="Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li>

<li><a href="Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li>

<li><a href="Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li>

<li><a href="Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo%2C_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Cantemir</a></li>

<li><a href="Dinicu_Golescu" title="Dinicu Golescu">Golescu</a></li>

<li><a href="Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li>

<li><a href="Ien%C4%83chi%C8%9B%C4%83_V%C4%83c%C4%83rescu" title="Ienăchiță Văcărescu">Văcărescu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li>

<li><a href="Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li>

<li><a href="Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Burnett%2C_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li>

<li><a href="Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li>

<li><a href="Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;">

<div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b>Romanticism →</b></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feminism532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li>

<li><span class="wrap"><a href="Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Women's_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_women's_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_first_women's_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="African-American_women's_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies"><span class="wrap">Movements and ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion-rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights">Abortion-rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li>

<li><a href="Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li>

<li><a href="Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a>

<li><a href="Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li>

<li><a href="Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li>

<li><a href="Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_workers'_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li>

<li><a href="State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li>

<li><a href="Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li>

<li><a href="Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li>

<li><a href="Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women's_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">

<ul><li><a href="Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li>

<li><a href="Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li>

<li><a href="Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">

<ul><li><a href="Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_children's_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_women's_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li>

<li><a href="Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li>

<li><a href="Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li>

<li>International <a href="International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="International_Women's_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li>

<li><a href="Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li>

<li><a href="Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li>

<li><a href="Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_workers'_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li>

<li><a href="Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>

<li><a href="War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li>

<li><a href="Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Men's_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">

<ul><li><a href="African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li>

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<li><a href="List_of_women's_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li>

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<li><i><a href="SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></i> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul>

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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120171868">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9846924">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/98100">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyrRt6bHRq7YY4jty6qcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11854103X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82116389">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119055055">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119055055">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620755">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gouges, Olympe : de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV026511">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20140820002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1144913">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02373086?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/994c9128-867d-44c4-ab06-3f7eb3159189">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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